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Lindows Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Support was discontinued on December 31, Its API was incompatible with Windows. Version 1. They cooperated with each other in developing their PC operating systems, and had access to each other's code. After an interim 1. Microsoft would later imitate much of it in Windows Still, much of the system had bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be bit code as well.
It also removed Real Mode, and only ran on an or better processor. Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. In and , Microsoft released Windows for Workgroups WfW , which was available both as an add-on for existing Windows 3. Windows for Workgroups included improved network drivers and protocol stacks, and support for peer-to-peer networking. There were two versions of Windows for Workgroups, WfW 3. Unlike prior versions, Windows for Workgroups 3. All these versions continued version 3.
Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software. On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 3.
Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT and Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windows , oriented to business, had already unified most of the system's bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to home consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.
Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT's superior hardware abstraction model. This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market.
Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, and thus was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines. However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common. Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3.
Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures. Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel , influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.
As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3. After Windows 3. The Win32 API first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as " thunking ". A new object-oriented GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped.
Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment. These factors eventually began to impact the operating system's efficiency and stability.
Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.
These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating system , and in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications.
Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part.
Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive's capacity. The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3.
It was Microsoft's primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows NT 4. Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, respectively.
This edition was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded. On June 25, , Microsoft released Windows 98 code-named Memphis , three years after the release of Windows 95 , two years after the release of Windows NT 4.
USB support in Windows 98 is marketed as a vast improvement over Windows The release continued the controversial inclusion of the Internet Explorer browser with the operating system that started with Windows 95 OEM Service Release 1.
The action eventually led to the filing of the United States v. Microsoft case, dealing with the question of whether Microsoft was introducing unfair practices into the market in an effort to eliminate competition from other companies such as Netscape. In , Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim release. One of the more notable new features was the addition of Internet Connection Sharing , a form of network address translation , allowing several machines on a LAN Local Area Network to share a single Internet connection.
Hardware support through device drivers was increased and this version shipped with Internet Explorer 5. Many minor problems that existed in the first edition were fixed making it, according to many, the most stable release of the Windows 9x family.
Mainstream support for Windows 98 and 98 SE ended on June 30, , and ended extended support on July 11, It has the version number Windows NT 5. Windows has had four official service packs. It was successfully deployed both on the server and the workstation markets. Amongst Windows 's most significant new features was Active Directory , a near-complete replacement of the NT 4. Terminal Services , previously only available as a separate edition of NT 4, was expanded to all server versions.
A number of features from Windows 98 were incorporated also, such as an improved Device Manager, Windows Media Player , and a revised DirectX that made it possible for the first time for many modern games to work on the NT kernel. Windows is also the last NT-kernel Windows operating system to lack product activation. While Windows upgrades were available for Windows 95 and Windows 98, it was not intended for home users. It was the last DOS-based operating system from Microsoft. Windows Me introduced a new multimedia-editing application called Windows Movie Maker , came standard with Internet Explorer 5.
System Restore was a notable feature that would continue to thrive in all later versions of Windows. Windows Me was conceived as a quick one-year project that served as a stopgap release between Windows 98 and Windows XP. Many of the new features were available from the Windows Update site as updates for older Windows versions System Restore and Windows Movie Maker were exceptions. Windows Me was criticized for stability issues, as well as for lacking real mode DOS support, to the point of being referred to as the "Mistake Edition.
The initial release was met with considerable criticism , particularly in the area of security , leading to the release of three major Service Packs.
Service Pack 2 provided significant improvements and encouraged widespread adoption of XP among both home and business users. Windows XP was one of Microsoft's longest-running flagship operating systems, beginning with the public release on October 25, , for at least 5 years, and ending on January 30, , when it was succeeded by Windows Vista.
On April 25, , Microsoft launched Windows Server , a notable update to Windows Server encompassing many new security features, a new "Manage Your Server " wizard that simplifies configuring a machine for specific roles, and improved performance. It is based on the Windows NT 5. A few services not essential for server environments are disabled by default for stability reasons, most noticeable are the "Windows Audio" and "Themes" services; users have to enable them manually to get sound or the " Luna " look as per Windows XP.
The hardware acceleration for display is also turned off by default, users have to turn the acceleration level up themselves if they trust the display card driver. Among the new features are a number of management features for branch offices, file serving, printing and company-wide identity integration. Windows Server R2, an update of Windows Server , was released to manufacturing on December 6, The other CD adds many optionally installable features for Windows Server The R2 update was released for all x86 and x64 versions, except Windows Server R2 Enterprise Edition, which was not released for Itanium.
It is designed to use the expanded bit memory address space provided by the x86—64 architecture. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is based on the Windows Server codebase, with the server features removed and client features added. It is only available to Software Assurance customers. The aim of WinFLP is to give companies a viable upgrade option for older PCs that are running Windows 95, 98, and Me that will be supported with patches and updates for the next several years.
Most user applications will typically be run on a remote machine using Terminal Services or Citrix. While being visually the same as Windows XP, it has some differences. For example, if the screen has been set to 16 bit colors, the Windows recycle bin icon and some XP bit icons will show.
Paint and some games like Solitaire aren't present too. Windows Home Server code-named Q, Quattro is a server product based on Windows Server , designed for consumer use. The system was announced on January 7, , by Bill Gates. Windows Home Server can be configured and monitored using a console program that can be installed on a client PC. Such features as Media Sharing, local and remote drive backup and file duplication are all listed as features.
Windows Vista was released on November 30, , to business customers—consumer versions followed on January 30, Windows Vista intended to have enhanced security by introducing a new restricted user mode called User Account Control , replacing the "administrator-by-default" philosophy of Windows XP. Vista was the target of much criticism and negative press, and in general was not well regarded, this was seen as leading to the relatively swift release of Windows 7.
One major difference between Vista and earlier versions of Windows, Windows 95 and later, was that the original start button was replaced with the Windows icon in a circle called the Start Orb. Windows Vista had the version number NT 6.
During its lifetime, Windows Vista had two service packs. Windows Vista shipped in six editions : [36]. All editions except Starter edition were available in both bit and bit versions. The biggest advantage of the bit version was breaking the 4 gigabyte memory barrier, which bit computers cannot fully access. Windows Server built on the technological and security advances first introduced with Windows Vista, and was significantly more modular than its predecessor, Windows Server Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, , and reached general retail availability on October 22, The interface was renewed with a bigger taskbar and some improvements in the searching system and the Start menu.
Windows 7 met with positive reviews, which said the OS was faster and easier to use than Windows Vista. Windows 7 shipped in six editions : [40]. In some countries in the European Union , there were other editions that lacked some features such as Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center and Internet Explorer—these editions were called names such as "Windows 7 N. All editions, except the Starter edition, were available in both bit and bit versions.
Unlike the corresponding Vista editions, the Professional and Enterprise editions were supersets of the Home Premium edition. Windows Server R2 shipped in bit versions x64 and Itanium only.
WinTPC was available for software assurance customers and relied on cloud computing in a business network. Wireless operation is supported since WinTPC has full wireless stack integration, but wireless operation may not be as good as the operation on a wired connection. Windows Home Server code named 'Vail' [43] was released on April 6, WHS only supports x hardware.
Microsoft decided to discontinue Windows Home Server on July 5, while including its features into Windows Server Essentials. Windows 8 went on sale to the public on October 26, Windows 8 features a redesigned user interface, designed to make it easier for touchscreen users to use Windows. The interface introduced an updated Start menu known as the Start screen, and a new full-screen application platform. The desktop interface is also present for running windowed applications, although Windows RT will not run any desktop applications not included in the system.
On the Building Windows 8 blog, it was announced that a computer running Windows 8 can boot up much faster than Windows 7. Windows 8. So far, neither has had any service packs yet, although many consider Windows 8. However, Windows 8.
Windows 10 was unveiled on September 30, , as the successor for Windows 8, and was released on July 29, A number of new features like Cortana , the Microsoft Edge web browser, the ability to view Windows Store apps as a window instead of fullscreen, the return of the Start menu, virtual desktops, revamped core apps, Continuum, and a unified Settings app were all features debuted in Windows The system was announced as a service OS that would receive constant performance and stability updates.
Unlike Windows 8, Windows 10 received mostly positive reviews, praising improvements of stability and practicality than its predecessor, however, it received some criticsm due to mandatory update installation, privacy concerns and advertising-supported software tactics. Although Microsoft claimed Windows 10 would be the last Windows version, eventually a new major release, Windows 11, was announced in That made Windows 10 last longer as Microsoft's flagship operating system than any other version of Windows, beginning with the public release on July 29, , for six years, and ending on October 5, , when Windows 11 was released.
Until late , Windows 10 had received twelve main updates. Windows Server is a release of the Microsoft Windows Server operating system that was unveiled on September 30, Windows Server is a release of the Microsoft Windows Server operating system that was announced on March 20, The first Windows Insider preview version was released on the same day. It was released for general availability on October 2, Windows Server is based on the Windows 10 October Update codebase.
On October 6, , distribution of Windows version build was paused while Microsoft investigated an issue with user data being deleted during an in-place upgrade. It affected systems where a user profile folder e. Documents, Music or Pictures had been moved to another location, but data was left in the original location.
As Windows Server is based on the Windows version codebase, it too was removed from distribution at the time, but was re-released on November 13, The software product life cycle for Server was reset in accordance with the new release date. Windows Server is a release of the Microsoft Windows Server operating system which is based on the Windows 10 November Update codebase. Windows 11 is the next generation release of Windows NT, and the successor to Windows Codenamed "Sun Valley", it was unveiled on June 24, , and was released on October 5, According to Microsoft, Windows 11 will be released for newer PCs first and then the initial release will continue till mid Windows 11 revamps the GUI and brings modern code, thus making it much faster than Windows It is also noted that Windows 11 updates are significantly compressed, so the updates are downloaded faster.
Also, Windows 11 does not show signs of the 'Installing Updates' screen while installing updates during 'Update and Restart' phase, thus finishing updates within 5 minutes. The system incorporates a renewed interface called "Mica", which includes translucent backgrounds, rounded edges and color combinations. The taskbar and the Start Menu have been redesigned and for the first time it is possible to place the icons in the center of the bar.
The MSN widget panel, the Microsoft Store, and the file browser, among other applications, have also been redesigned. It is expected that it will soon include compatibility with Android applications.
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